Leukemia Quiz

Leukemia cells often don't fight infections like normal white blood cells do. Over time, they become so numerous that they interfere with the function of the bone marrow, which is to make normal blood cells.

The disease is further divided by the types of blood cells it affects. Myeloid leukemia affects the myeloid cells; lymphocytic leukemia affects the lymphoid cells. The names of the 4 common types of leukemia are acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

AML is slightly more common among people assigned male at birth. Experts don't know why. AML is one of the most common types of leukemia in adults. It's less common in children.

In most cases, the cause of leukemia is not known. But certain environmental and genetic factors appear to increase the risk for the disease. These include not only exposure to benzene, but also exposure to high levels of radiation. This can occur either through wartime or disaster, or through medical radiation treatment; chemotherapy; smoking; and Down syndrome and other genetic diseases caused by abnormal chromosomes.

This symptom is caused by a low level of platelets, which normally help the blood to clot. But it may also be caused by other disorders. Other possible symptoms of leukemia include:

• Fever or night sweats
• Frequent infections
• Lingering tiredness (fatigue)
• Headaches
• Pain in the bones or joints
• Swelling or discomfort in the belly (abdomen), from an enlarged liver or spleen
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Pale skin
• Unintended weight loss

It is more likely to occur in young children. The cause of ALL isn't known, but it occurs more often in white people. It also occurs more often in developed countries and in families with higher socioeconomic standing. Besides affecting young children, it also affects adults over age 50.

This defect, called the Philadelphia chromosome, occurs only in leukemia cells, not the rest of the cells in the body. In CML, parts of chromosomes 9 and 22 switch places, an exchange called a translocation. Experts don't know why this occurs. Other chromosome changes are seen in some other types of leukemia, but these changes are not seen in all cases.

Many doctors don't consider acute leukemia to be cured until a person has no signs of disease for at least several years after treatment--and not all doctors agree with even that definition. The goal of treatment for acute leukemia is complete remission: no trace of the disease. Treatment for both chronic and acute leukemia may be done with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, biological therapy, radiation therapy or a stem cell transplant. People with an enlarged spleen may need to have their spleen removed. People with a chronic form of leukemia may not need treatment right away. When treatment is needed, it often can control the disease and symptoms. Chronic leukemia often can't be cured. But it can often be controlled for long periods of time.